在洛杉矶的盖蒂中心，有一个多元文化的照片展览：Queer Lens: A History of Photography







前言

酷儿（英语：Queer）是一个伞式术语，是对所有性取向非异性恋以及性别认同非二元性别或非顺性别的人的统称。这个词最初的意思是“奇怪的”或“奇特的”，在19世纪后期，酷儿开始被用来贬低那些有同性欲望或关系的人。从 1980 年代后期开始，酷儿活动家，例如酷儿国度（英语：Queer Nation）的成员，开始重新使用这个词作为对LGBT社区更同化分支的故意挑衅和政治激进的替代品。

在21世纪，酷儿越来越多地用于描述广泛的非规范性和性别认同以及政治。酷儿理论和酷儿研究等学术领域普遍反对性别二元论、性别规范性和对交叉性的意识缺失。酷儿艺术、酷儿文化团体和酷儿政治团体是酷儿身份现代表达的例子。

Since the invention of photography in 1839, the camera has been used to explore gender, sexuality, and self representation. The immediacy and accessibility of the medium—its ability to capture and circulate moments in time—have played a transformative role in the gradual proliferation of homosocial, homoerotic, and homosexual imagery. Despite periods of severe homophobia, when many photographs depicting queer life were suppressed or destroyed, substantial visual evidence remains. This exhibition brings together a variety of works to explore photography’s profound role in shaping and affirming the vibrant tapestry of the LGBTQ+ community.
自1839年摄影术诞生以来，相机便成为探索性别、性意识与自我呈现的重要工具。这种媒介的即时性与普及性——其捕捉并传播时代瞬间的能力——在推动同性情谊、同性爱欲及同性恋视觉表达逐渐发展的过程中，始终发挥着革新性作用。纵使历经严重的恐同时期，大量记录酷儿生活的影像遭到查禁或损毁，仍有丰富的视觉证据得以存留。本次展览通过汇聚多元作品，深入探讨摄影在塑造与肯定LGBTQ+群体绚丽多元图景中的深远意义。

历史变迁

Homosocial culture and romantic friendships 同性社交文化与浪漫友谊 1810–1868

During the mid-nineteenth century, public life in the United States and Europe was largely divided into two spheres:  one for men and another for women. This separation, which was observed most stridently between young adulthood and marriage, made expressions of intimacy between friends of the same gender—such as kissing, touching, and declarations of love—socially acceptable. “Boston Marriage”was a term used to describe two upper-class unmarried women who made a home together without the presence or support of a man. Sometimes these relationships were sexual, sometimes they were not. Sexual desire was generally considered a male attribute unless the woman in question was thought to be a sex worker, a foreigner, or mentally unwell.
19世纪中叶，欧美社会的公共生活普遍以性别为界，泾渭分明——男性与女性各有其活动领域。这种区隔在青年期至婚姻阶段尤为显著，使得同性友人之间的亲密举动（如亲吻、爱抚与深情告白）成为社会认可的行为。"波士顿婚姻"这一术语特指两位上层阶级未婚女性共同组建家庭、无需男性参与或支持的生活方式。此类关系或含情欲成分，或止于精神依恋。当时社会普遍将性欲视为男性特质，除非涉事女性被认定为性工作者、外籍人士或精神异常者。

Language and identity 语言与身份认同 1869–1919

Hungarian journalist Karl-Maria Kertbeny was the first to publish the terms “homosexual” and “heterosexual” in an 1869 pamphlet arguing against the criminalization of sodomy in Prussia. This was the beginning of a binary system of sexual identity, setting up the straight/gay divide. Some physicians claimed homosexuality was a disease that could be cured by cold baths or castration, though in 1900, the English physician Havelock Ellis published Studies in the Psychology of Sex, in which he concluded that homosexuality was usually present at birth and advised against attempting to “cure” it. The 1919 German film Anders als die Andern (Different from the Others) is widely considered the first feature-length film that openly portrays homosexuality.
匈牙利记者卡尔-玛利亚·科特贝尼于1869年发表小册子，首次公开使用"同性恋"（homosexual）与"异性恋"（heterosexual）术语，反对普鲁士将鸡奸行为刑事化。此举奠定了性取向二元划分体系，确立了"直/弯"的现代分野。部分医者声称同性恋可通过冷水浴或阉割疗法治愈，但1900年英国学者哈夫洛克·霭理士在《性心理学研究》中指出，同性恋多为先天特质，并反对强行"矫正"。1919年德国电影《与众不同》被公认为影史首部公开描绘同性恋情的剧情长片。


The pansy craze 三色堇狂热 1920–1934

Underground gay clubs and drag performances found a home in Prohibition-era speakeasies (illicit bars that served alcohol) in Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco. This phenomenon, known as the “Pansy Craze,” helped make female impersonators such as Gene Malin and Karyl Norman famous. In 1920 women won the right to vote and enjoyed unprecedented freedoms; fashionable young “flappers” bobbed their hair, wore shorter, slimmer dress styles, and attended parties where they drank, smoked, and danced the Charleston. As the US stock market crash of 1929 unwound into the Great Depression, society became more restrictive, with some blaming the world's economic woes on a widespread moral decline. In 1934 the US film industry adopted a list of rules, known as the Hays Code, to regulate the moral content of movies
禁酒令时期，洛杉矶、纽约和旧金山的非法酒吧（speakeasies）成为地下同志俱乐部与变装表演的温床。这场被称为“三色堇狂热”（Pansy Craze）的风潮，捧红了吉恩·马林（Gene Malin）、卡里尔·诺曼（Karyl Norman）等女性模仿艺人
。1920年，美国女性赢得投票权并享有前所未有的自由：时髦的“摩登女郎”（flappers）剪短头发、穿着修身的短裙，在派对上饮酒、抽烟、跳查尔斯顿舞。然而，随着1929年股市崩盘引发经济大萧条，社会风气转向保守，部分人将全球经济困境归咎于道德沦丧。1934年，美国电影业通过《海斯法典》（Hays Code），严格限制电影中的道德内容


Hiding in plain sight ​隐秘的生存 1935–1949

Members of the queer community in the United States found themselves hemmed in by three powerful constituen cies: religious institutions, law enforcement agencies, and the medical establishment. Despite intense discrimination and the need to keep their sexuality hidden, some gay American service members, freed from small-town familiarity for the first time in their lives, established a coterie of like-minded friends and lovers while serving in WWII. At the war’s end, these men and women often decided to live in large cities, where they enjoyed greater anonymity and found ways to secretly connect with others at bars and cruising spots. There was fear during this era, however, that US service members would have trouble reintegrating into civilian life and starting families, so a new emphasis on conformity to social mores prevailed. The popularity of the photo booth during the 1930s and 1940s and the advent of the Polaroid Land Camera instant picture system in 1948 gave gay people some much-needed privacy: they no longer had to take their film to the drugstore to be developed.
美国的酷儿群体陷入宗教机构、执法部门与医学界的三重围剿。尽管面临严苛歧视且需隐藏性取向，二战期间，许多首次摆脱小镇熟人社会的同性恋军人，仍在服役期间建立起志同道合的社交圈。战争结束后，这些人选择定居大城市，借助匿名性在酒吧和猎艳场所秘密联结。然而，战后社会担忧军人难以回归家庭生活，强化了对传统道德的推崇。1930–1940年代流行的照相亭与1948年宝丽来即时成像相机，为同志群体提供了亟需的隐私保护——他们不再需要将胶卷送至药店冲洗。



Rise of the gay liberation movement 同性恋解放运动兴起 1950–1980

In 1950 the notion that thousands of gay people might have infiltrated the US State Department resulted in a panic known as the Lavender Scare. It led to the eventual dismissal from their jobs of some five thousand people suspected of being gay. The first homophile groups were founded in the wake of this state-sponsored discrimination; they advocated for gay rights while creating a sense of community through events and publications. The tumultu ous 1960s also saw the fight for civil rights, Vietnam War protests, second-wave feminism, and the sexual revolution—all challenging the status quo and calling for significant societal change. On June 28, 1969, the police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Manhattan’s Greenwich Village. Its patrons fought back, and the ensuing five days of rioting led to the expansion of the gay liberation movement. In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
1950年，美国国务院可能被数千名同性恋者渗透的臆想引发了"薰衣草恐慌"。这场恐慌最终导致约五千名疑似同性恋者被解雇。在国家支持的歧视浪潮中，首批同性恋权益组织应运而生。这些组织通过举办活动和发行刊物，在争取同性恋权利的同时构建社群认同。动荡的1960年代还见证了民权运动、反越战抗议、第二波女权主义浪潮和性革命——这些运动都在挑战现状，呼吁深刻的社会变革。1969年6月28日，警方突袭曼哈顿格林尼治村的石墙酒吧（Stonewall Inn），遭到顾客反抗。随后五天的骚乱推动同性恋解放运动走向高潮。1973年，美国精神病学会将同性恋从《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》中删除。

The AIDs crisis 艾滋病危机 1981–1996

In 1981 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention first documented gay-related immunodeficiency, later called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fear of AIDS was rampant, and the gay community, which already had few legal protections, was further stigmatized. People living with AIDS were attacked, evicted from their homes, and denied healthcare. In 1987 the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, or ACT UP, was founded in angry response to the Reagan administration’s inaction and was spurred on by the culture wars over homosexuality, religion, art, and censorship. In 1992, HIV/AIDS was the number one cause of death for men in the United States between the ages of twenty-five and forty-four. Four years later, the development and approval of antiretroviral drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration significantly extended the lives of people living with AIDS. The search for a cure continues.
1981年，美国疾控中心首次记录"男同性恋相关免疫缺陷"，后改称获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）。对艾滋病的恐慌蔓延，使本就缺乏法律保护的同志群体遭受更严重污名化。艾滋病患者遭遇暴力袭击、被逐出住所、被拒绝医治。1987年，为抗议里根政府不作为，并受围绕同性恋、宗教、艺术与审查的文化战争推动，"释放力量艾滋病联盟"（ACT UP）愤然成立。1992年，艾滋病成为美国25至44岁男性的头号死因。四年后，抗逆转录病毒药物获美国食品药品监督管理局批准，显著延长了患者寿命。但治愈方案的探索仍在继续。



Things are QUEER 酷儿正名 1996–2014

In 1990 four members of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) went on to found the group Queer Nation, which led the effort to reclaim the term “queer” from a slur to a word of affirmation, collectivity, and political action. To identify as queer is to reject traditional belief systems, cruel stereotyping, and racism. In popular and academic parlance, “queer” has come to signify a liberation from binaries, an embrace of nonnormative sexual and gender behaviors, and an acknowledgment of intersectionality and shared joys and struggles. In 1999 the US Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a law that defined marriage as the union of one man and one woman and that prohibited federal recognition of same-sex couples. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to legally recognize same-sex marriage.
1990年，"释放力量艾滋病联盟"（ACT UP）的四位成员创立"酷儿国度"（Queer Nation），成功将"酷儿"（queer）一词从侮辱性称谓重塑为彰显身份认同、集体行动与政治诉求的宣言。认同"酷儿"意味着拒绝传统信仰体系、摒弃刻板印象与种族主义。在流行文化与学术语境中，"酷儿"已成为挣脱二元对立、拥抱非规范性取向与性别表达、承认交叉性与共同抗争的代名词。1999年，美国国会通过《捍卫婚姻法案》（DOMA），将婚姻定义为一男一女的结合，并拒绝联邦政府承认同性伴侣关系。2004年，马萨诸塞州成为全美首个合法承认同性婚姻的州。

The future is QUEER 酷儿未来 2015–2025

A long history of suppression and repression continues to haunt the public display of queer experience and desire, but at the threshold of the second quarter of the twenty first century, opportunities for queer representation have undoubtedly grown in most of the Western world. The pictures in this gallery reflect photography's appeal for an ever-widening group of people wishing to explore queer identity and express the profound emotions that accompany their journey. These works also demonstrate the efforts of curators in the department of photographs at the Getty Museum to shape a more inclusive collection by focusing on and acquiring the work of previously marginalized communities. This concerted effort enables the museum to share new and relevant histories of photography with our visitors. No previous endeavor has gathered such a robust collection of historical images to illuminate this vital story of creativity, resistance, and resilience.
尽管长期遭受压制的历史仍影响着酷儿经验与欲望的公共表达，但进入21世纪第二个十年之际，西方世界多数地区的酷儿可见度已显著提升。本展厅影像作品既展现了摄影艺术对探索酷儿身份群体的强大吸引力，也记录了他们在自我认同历程中的深刻情感。这些作品同时体现了盖蒂博物馆摄影部策展人的努力——通过重点收藏曾被边缘化群体的创作，构建更具包容性的馆藏体系。这项系统工作使博物馆得以向观众呈现摄影史中那些鲜为人知的重要叙事。此前从未有机构能汇集如此丰富的历史影像，如此完整地展现这段关于创造力、反抗与韧性的重要历史。



Friends of Dorothy "桃乐丝之友"秘史

Some historians credit the phrase “a friend of Dorothy”—a code used by gay men to safely self-identify in public—to the love many of them have for actress Judy Garland, whose character in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz is named Dorothy Gale. However, there is another tantalizing possibility. It is said that gay acquaintances of the writer Dorothy Parker, who often stayed at the popular Garden of Allah Hotel in Hollywood, used the phrase “I’m a friend of Dorothy” to gain entrance to the hotel bar. The owners, fearing the bar had become a gay hangout, eventually prohibited men from entering unless accompanied by a woman. Anecdotes from gay history such as these underscore the importance, and the joys, of queer kinship. In that spirit, this gallery features more than one hundred portraits to make visible and celebrate the diversity of the queer community.
历史学者普遍认为，"桃乐丝的朋友"这一暗语源于同性恋群体对朱迪·嘉兰的挚爱——她在1939年电影《绿野仙踪》中饰演的桃乐丝·盖尔角色深入人心，成为男同性恋者公开场合安全自认的代号。然而还有段更为耐人寻味的轶闻：据说作家桃乐丝·帕克（Dorothy Parker）的同志友人常出入好莱坞著名的"阿拉丁花园"酒店，以"我是桃乐丝的朋友"为暗号进入酒吧。当经营者察觉这里成为同志据点后，最终规定男性必须由女性陪同方可入场。这些酷儿历史的碎片，既揭示了身份认同的艰辛，也闪耀着同志情谊的欢愉。秉承这种精神，本展厅精选百余幅肖像，让酷儿群体的多元面貌得以被看见、被歌颂。


名词解释

AFAB / AMAB （出生指派女性/男性）​​

The acronyms for Assigned Female at Birth and Assigned Male at Birth refer to gender assignments imposed on individuals based on the male/female binary presumptions baked into the medical and legal systems. These acronyms allow transgender, agender, and gender nonconforming individuals to discuss their past and acknowledge the importance of their transition to a different identity without misgendering themselves (or their past selves).
这两个缩写分别指代基于医疗与法律体系中二元性别预设（男性/女性）对个体进行的性别指派。它们为跨性别者、无性别者及性别不一致者提供了讨论自身经历的语言工具，既能承认过去被指派的性别身份，又避免在描述过渡历程时对自我（或过去的自我）产生性别误认。

Androgynous(​中性化)

Some trans, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming people describe themselves as androgynous, meaning a combination of female and male, or a state of being between female and male or outside the male/female binary.
部分跨性别者、非二元性别者及性别不一致者用此术语描述自身——即兼具男女两性特征、介于二元性别之间或完全超越其外的存在状态。例如在时尚领域，中性化设计正逐渐打破传统性别界限。

Binary(​二元对立)

Oppositional binaries—such as male/female or heterosexual/homosexual—frequently shape social perceptions of individuals’ gender, sex, and sexuality. These historically constructed classifications are at odds with the great diversity of sexed bodies, gender expressions and identities, and feelings of love and desire.
诸如男性/女性、异性恋/同性恋等对立二元框架，长期主导社会对性别、生理性别及性取向的认知。这些历史建构的分类体系与现实中多元的生理特征、性别表达、身份认同及情感需求存在根本冲突。

Bisexual / Pansexual(​双性恋/泛性恋)

Bisexual originally referred to individuals attracted both to those identifying as men and those identifying as women. The term has evolved to incorporate attraction to individuals whose gender does not conform to the prevailing binary. Many now describe themselves as pansexual because this newer term avoids the binary altogether and reflects attraction to individuals of all gender identities.
"双性恋"最初指对男性与女性均产生吸引的群体，后扩展至涵盖非二元性别者。而"泛性恋"作为新术语则彻底规避二元框架，强调对所有性别身份个体的吸引。



Butch (阳刚气质)

Butch refers to amplified masculinity expressed through body language and aesthetic sensibilities; it is associated with working-class occupations and social movements. An exaggeratedly “manly” woman might be described as butch. Individuals who take up the term as an identity as well as a descriptor might consider their butchness an expression
of womanhood, lesbianism, transgender identity, gender nonconformity, or any combination of these.
指通过肢体语言与审美倾向强化的男性气质，常与工人阶级职业及社会运动相关联。形容女性时，"butch"可指其高度"男性化"的外显特质；作为身份认同标签，阳刚气质可能被诠释为女性特质、女同性恋身份、跨性别认同或性别不一致的表达方式。该术语在20世纪40年代女同/双性恋社群中形成特定文化内涵，常与"Femme"（阴柔气质）构成对应关系。

Camp (坎普风)

Camp as an aesthetic elevates artifice and exaggeration; it can be defined by its larger-than-life nature and disregard for boundaries between “low” and “high” culture and “good” and “bad” taste. Unexpected doses of humor, shock, repulsion, and cuteness collide within camp culture, which is strongly associated with postmodernism, queer culture,
divas, and drag.
一种崇尚人工造作与夸张表现的美学风格，其核心在于打破"高雅/低俗"、"优越/拙劣"的品味界限。坎普文化融合了出人意料的幽默、惊骇、厌恶与甜腻元素，与后现代主义、酷儿文化、天后崇拜及变装表演密切相关。其表现形式可涵盖从刻意粗劣到精致华丽的连续光谱。


Cis / Trans (顺性别/跨性别)
Cis means “on this side of” and trans means “beyond” or “on the other side of.” These Latin prefixes function as abbreviations of cisgender, a term for individuals who occupy the binary gender category they were assigned at birth, and transgender, for those who move away from it.
拉丁前缀"cis"（同侧）与"trans"（异侧）的缩写。"顺性别"指个体性别认同与出生指派性别一致，"跨性别"则指脱离该二元分类的认同状态。在遗传学中，这两个前缀也用于描述基因排列方式（如顺式AB/反式AB血型）。


Cross-dressing (跨性别着装)

Cross-dressing—wearing clothes associated with the opposite sex within a gender binary system—transcends historical period and cultural location. Cross-dressing may be done for self-expression, economic survival, theatrical convention, disguise, safety, or sexual pleasure, among other reasons. People who cross-dress may be trans or cis, straight or queer.
指在二元性别框架下穿着异性服饰的行为，其动机涵盖自我表达、经济需求、戏剧传统、安全考量或情欲满足等。跨性别着装者可能是顺性别或跨性别者，性取向亦不构成限制。值得注意的是，该行为与性别认同无必然关联。


Drag (变装表演)

Drag is an eclectic and exaggerated type of performance, usually deployed to parodic, theatrical, and/or political ends. Drag often makes use of gendered extremes and camp aesthetics. Traditionally, drag queen referred to a man per forming exaggerated femininity and drag king to a woman performing exaggerated masculinity, but these categories have expanded and evolved. Drag artists may accept or reject any number of gendered and sexual identifiers.
通过戏仿、戏剧化或政治化手段展演的夸张性别表演传统。变装皇后（drag queen）通常指男性演绎极端阴柔气质，变装国王（drag king）则为女性呈现夸张阳刚形象，但这些范畴已随时代拓展。变装艺术家可能接受或拒绝任何性别/性向标签。


Dyke (拉拉)

Both slur and reclaimed term, dyke is not merely a synonym for lesbian but carries connotations of toughness, radicalism, and a refusal to conform to a cis-heteronormative mainstream.
既是侮辱性词汇也是被 reclaim 的身份标签，其内涵超越"女同性恋"的简单定义，更强调强悍特质、激进立场及对顺性别异性恋主流规范的抗拒。该术语在1950年代工人阶级女同文化中完成语义重构。


Fem (男同，阴柔气质)

Fem is sometimes used to indicate a feminine or camp man within cultures centering sex with men. This usage is frequently derogatory and misogynistic, as in the phrase “No Fats, No Fems” on gay hookup apps.
"Fem"在男同性恋文化中可能贬义地指代阴柔气质男性（如交友软件中"拒胖拒娘"的歧视条款）。

Femme  (女同，酷儿气质)

The French word for“woman,” the term femme emerged in working-class 1950s lesbian culture to reclaim traditionally feminine self-presentation. Cisgender lesbians who celebrate and embrace the queer possibilities of traditionally feminine looks or behavior may identify as femmes, as may transgender, androgynous, and gender nonconforming people.
而"Femme"（法语"女性"）则被1950年代工人阶级女同群体重新赋能，用以肯定传统女性气质中的酷儿可能性。现代使用中，跨性别者、非二元性别者等也可能采用此认同。


Fetishization  (物化)

Fetishization is a psychosexual and social process of objec tifying an individual by reducing them to the specific “type” they inhabit or appear to inhabit for the purpose of fulfilling one’s own sexual desire. Fetishization often focuses on social difference or stigma, and may fixate on race, culture, gender conformity or nonconformity, ability or disability, age, size, specific body parts, garments, accessories and tools, or occupations. Fetishization may sometimes be socially affirmative or sexually gratifying to individuals in consenting relationships. Nonconsenting objects of fetishization, however, often find the experience violating.
将个体简化为特定"类型"以满足自身性欲的心理社会过程。其对象化焦点可能涉及种族、文化、性别表达、残障、年龄、体型等差异标签。在双方知情同意的前提下，物化可能带来性快感或社会认同；但非自愿的物化往往构成精神侵犯。


Gay （同性恋）

The modern usage of the term gay to mean homosexual likely emerged from the nineteenth-century use of the word to describe a sex worker or an absence of sexual inhibition. In the twentieth century it became a synonym for queer, reflecting sexual desires diverging from the heterosexual norm. The mid-to-late-twentieth-century gay rights move ments used the word as a positive and often inclusive alter native to homosexual; inevitably, the word emerged simulta neously as an insult, eventually becoming slang for bad by the early 2000s.
该词现代用法指代同性恋者，其语义演变可追溯至19世纪——当时"gay"被用于描述性工作者或性放纵者。20世纪成为"queer"的同义词，标志着对异性恋规范的背离。20世纪中后期的同性恋权利运动将其重塑为积极且包容的术语，用以替代带有病理化色彩的"homosexual"；但与此同时，该词也被污名化为侮辱性词汇，至21世纪初甚至衍生出"糟糕"的俚语义项。


Gender Dysphoria （性别烦躁）

Gender dysphoria refers to a mismatch between the gender an individual is expected to align with and their own gender identity; it can be felt at a bodily, emotional, or social level, or all three. Bodily dysphoria refers more specifically to a mismatch between a trans person’s physical body and their felt experience of gender.
指个体预期性别与其自我认同性别之间的不一致状态，这种不适可能体现在身体、情感或社会层面，或三者兼具。其中"身体烦躁"特指跨性别者的生理特征与其性别体验之间的冲突，在DSM-5诊断标准中取代了旧称"性别认同障碍"。


Gender Expression （性别表达）

The ways people express themselves as relates to gender, or in ways socially perceived as gendered; this may include, for example, dress, mannerisms, or social roles. An individual’s gender expression does not necessarily correlate with their assigned gender or their gender identity.
个体通过服饰、举止、社会角色等外显方式呈现的性别相关特质。需注意：性别表达既可能与出生指派性别或自我认同性别一致，也可能完全无关。例如跨性别男性可能通过裙装表达女性气质，而这并不改变其性别认同。

Gender Identity （性别认同）

Gender identity refers to an individual’s felt sense of their gender, whether or not it conforms to the gender identity expected of them.
个体对自身性别的内在认知体验，可能符合或偏离社会预期。该概念与生理性别（sex）及性倾向（sexual orientation）构成性别研究的三大核心维度，但三者无必然关联。

Gender Nonconforming （性别不一致）

A person or expression that breaks with mainstream rules of gender. Efforts to create inclusive terminology that avoids the binary have resulted in additional alternate terms, such as gender variance and gender expansive.
用于描述突破主流性别规范的个人或表达方式。随着性别研究发展，学界还衍生出"性别多元"（gender variance）、"性别扩展"（gender expansive）等更包容的替代术语，以突破二元框架的局限。


Heterosexual / Straight （异性恋）

A heterosexual person is exclusively attracted to those of the other gender in a binary gender system. This term, along with homosexual and bisexual, emerged from the confluence of early sexology research in the nineteenth century and the concurrent Victorian frenzy for classification. Straight as a synonym for heterosexual suggests alignment with the heteronormative mainstream.
在二元性别体系中仅对另一性别产生吸引的性倾向。"heterosexual"与"homosexual"、"bisexual"等术语共同诞生于19世纪性学研究与维多利亚时代分类学热潮的交汇处。俚语"straight"（直）作为其同义词，暗示对异性恋主流价值的遵从。

Intersectionality （交叉性）

Intersectionality is a concept that acknowledges that multiple, interlocking experiences make up individuals’ identities in a social context. It recognizes that there may be multiple oppressive forces acting on people who occupy more than one identity that has been forced to the social margins.
强调多重社会身份（如种族、阶级、性别等）在特定语境下交织形成复合压迫的理论框架。该概念揭示边缘群体可能同时遭受基于多种身份的系统性歧视，例如黑人跨性别女性面临种族主义、跨性别恐惧与厌女症的三重压迫。

Intersex （间性人）

Though biological sex is routinely misrepresented as a binary composed solely of male and female, it in fact exists on a spectrum. Many people—about as many as have red hair or green eyes—are intersex, which means that some of their biologically sexed characteristics, such as chromosomes or reproductive organs, do not fit within typical parameters of
male or female.
生理性别并非绝对的男女二元划分，约1.7%人口具有染色体、生殖器或激素水平等不符合典型男女标准的间性特征——其比例与红发或绿眼人群相当。该群体常面临非自愿的医学干预与人权侵害问题。


Invert （反转/倒错）

The term inversion refers to a reversal, or something that has been turned upside down or in the opposite direction. Several prominent nineteenth- and twentieth-century sexologists chose this term to describe those who “inverted” presumptive standards of sexual and gendered identity.
该术语指代颠倒或反向的状态。19至20世纪多位著名性学家用其描述那些"反转"了社会预设的性与性别认同标准的人群。在早期性学文献中，"性倒错者"（invert）常被用于病理化描述同性恋者，这一概念现已被现代性别研究批判性重构。

Lesbian （女同性恋）

Lesbian refers to women who desire and seek sex with other women; lesbianism throughout time has encompassed many different subcultures, beliefs, and histories. The term arose from the link between the island of Lesbos and the work of Sappho, an ancient Greek poet who lived there and often wrote of love and sex between women.
指对女性产生情感与性吸引的女性群体，其文化谱系涵盖从古希腊萨福（Sappho）的抒情诗到当代多元亚文化。该词源自古希腊莱斯博斯岛（Lesbos）的地域关联，萨福的诗作使该岛成为女同性恋文化的象征性起源地。

Nonbinary （非二元性别）

Nonbinary is an umbrella term that became popular in the 2000s. It refers to the many types of people whose identity does not fit (or does not fit comfortably) into the gender binary.
21世纪初普及的伞式术语，指代无法被男女二元框架容纳的性别认同。包含无性别（agender）、双性别（bigender）、流性别（genderfluid）等多种形态，强调性别认同的连续光谱特性。约1.7%人口具有间性特征（染色体/生殖器非典型），从生物学层面证伪了生理性别的绝对二元论。

Queer （酷儿）

Formerly a slur, queer has become a reclaimed term that can refer to a broad range of sexual and gender identities. The queer community can be a radical site of solidarity for the many kinds of difference in a cisnormative and heteronormative world.
从侮辱性词汇被重新赋权的术语，现涵盖所有非异性恋及非顺性别的身份认同。在酷儿理论框架下，它既是对主流规范的挑战，也是建立跨身份同盟的政治实践——特别是在顺性别异性恋霸权（cisheteronormativity）的社会中构建差异化的团结空间。

Sex （生理性别）

As an element in the physical and medical categorization of bodies, sex refers to aspects of the body that in aggregate are used by social institutions and individuals to designate a person male or female. Intersex people prove these binary presumptions inadequate.
医学和社会制度基于染色体、生殖器等生物特征对人进行的男女分类。间性人（intersex）的存在证明这种二元划分存在本质缺陷，约1.7%人口的生理特征不符合典型男女标准。


Sexuality / Sexual Identity （性向/性身份）

Broad terms used to describe sexual desires, drives, behaviors, and relationships or the lack thereof. While sexual orientation, sexual preference, and sexual identity are sometimes used interchangeably, they indicate subtly different meanings and implications depending on era, culture, language, and location.
描述性欲望、行为及关系的广义术语。需注意"性取向"（orientation）、"性偏好"（preference）和"性身份"（identity）的微妙差异：前者强调内在吸引模式（可能不与行为一致），后者涉及自我认同与社会表达，这些概念的含义会随时代文化变迁。

Third Gender （第三性别）

Several Indigenous cultures throughout the world possess a more supple notion of gender than the binary imposed by colonizing Western cultures. Third gender spaces combine elements of the masculine and feminine with elements that defy gendered norms and social roles. In many contexts, third gender individuals occupy revered positions, though
under global colonialism they have often faced discrim ination and violence for their failure to adhere to Western gender binaries.
许多原住民文化（如南亚的海吉拉、印第安的双灵人）存在超越西方殖民二元性别观的传统角色。第三性别者常融合男女特质并挑战性别规范，在传统文化中可能享有神圣地位，但在全球殖民主义影响下常遭受暴力。


Transition （跨性别）

Transition names the move from the sex/gender assigned at birth to the sex/gender most congruent with one's felt sense. There are many ways to transition, including making medical changes to the sexed body through hormones or surgery. An individual may change their appearance (clothes, body shape, hairstyles, makeup, cosmetic procedures); voice and mannerisms; names, titles, and pronouns; and legal and social documents. Transition looks different for everyone.
指从出生指派性别转向自我认同性别的过程，包含医疗（激素/手术）、法律（证件变更）、社交（代词/称呼）等多维度实践。每个人的过渡路径具有独特性，不存在标准模板——有人选择医学干预，有人仅通过社会角色转换实现认同。

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